The European Chivalry the Ideals and Practices Free Essays

The Ideals and Practices Andrew Daniels Strayed University Abstract This paper focuses on the ideals and practices of chivalry, specifically in the Middle Ages. During this time, a list of Ten Commandments pertaining to chivalry existed. Knights were expected to uphold a certain code that impacted their country, church, king, and fellow man. We will write a custom essay sample on The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will elaborate on those individual commandments and explore what each mandate meant for a knight, and it will show how those obligations affected various aspects of their lives. Also, the paper will touch on heavily In relation to a knight’s demeanor toward a woman, and the rules that were to be followed when engaging in courtly love. Lastly, one will see how some of these ideas have carried into modern day, though they have been altered throughout time. Picture King Arthur, a knight In shining armor, waging war against his former knight Lancelot to prove his love for Guinevere. Most people envision such scenes when they hear the word â€Å"chivalry. While dragon-slaying knights and tales of rescuing damsels in distress have contributed to our notion of chivalry, many more unifying aspects make up what it means to be chivalrous. I will be delving into the true meaning behind the principles and what it means to be a knight devoted to the ideals of chivalry. Knights first evolved in the eighth century under the direction of the French ruler Charlemagne; It was from this time that the Idea of chivalry arose. Though the code of chivalry was never formall y written, it was understood by all as a way of culture and moral conduct. During the Middle Ages, knights upheld the ideals and practices delineated in The Code of Chivalry. These values ranged from dedication to the church, to defending the weak and defending your country, and loading yourself to a higher standard by being faithful to your word and respecting others. The unspoken Ten Commandments revealed the duties a knight was to defend. This paper will further expand upon the customs of knights and their chivalric ways. One of the major components of chivalry dealt with protecting the church. The first commandment stated, â€Å"thou shall believe all that the church teaches, and shall observe all its directions† (Marshall, 2002). The second commandment simply stated, â€Å"thou shall defend the Church† (Marshall, 2002). In the Middle Ages Christianity in ten Tort AT cottontails was ten only practice religion. I en snuck played a Olsten and dominate role in the majority of people’s lives, not only medieval knights. Beginning as free peasants, knights often pillaged churches. Due to such violence, Rome declared knights the protectors of churches starting in the tenth century and threatening sanctions against any who ransacked churches. Later, in the 1 lath century, the Truce of God asserted that knights should not make war on all holy days, all saints days or Thursday through Sunday. Abiding to these rules meant that knights exhibited their chivalric duty by observing the churches directions. Not only did the knights protect the church, but the church protected the knights’ estate if he embarked on a Crusade to Jerusalem, the supposed burial sight of Jesus. During his time away, the knight was also exempt from paying taxes to the church (Warrior Challenge, 2003). While knights were required to defend the church, they were also expected to defend the weak, according to the Code of Chivalry (Marshall, 2002). Knights were expected to protect the weak and innocent. Given a plot of land for their services, rather than monetary compensation, knights were required to oversee the land in order to keep agricultural procedures running smoothly and to ensure the well-being over their serfs. Another knightly duty was to avenge the wronged. This was possible with extensive training from the age of seven to twenty one. In this fourteen year span, knights learned everything from hunting and falconry to wielding a battle and vaulting on a horse in heavy armor (Martin, 1991). With a repertoire of experiences such as these, knights were surely qualified to shield anyone weaker than them. Moreover, knights â€Å"shall love the country in which thou waist born† (Marshall, 2002). Knights upheld this chivalric code by living to serve their king and country. In the eighth century when Charlemagne ruled over his vast empire he enacted many longstanding ideas both in religion and education. During this period he and his vassals were involved in protecting their borders; without such a charismatic leader knights may not have been so obliged to serve and defend their king and country. In order to exhibit love for his country, the knight was sure to obey the king, country, and Code of Chivalry. The fifth commandment found in the code of chivalry, â€Å"thou shall not recoil before thing enemy’ (Marshall, 2002). In a time when battles were common, knights were expected to fight with honor and die with valor. These traits would have been taught to these men when they were squires training to be knights. However, knights also established principles of what not to do in battle. It was thought chivalrous to never attack an unarmed foe, never use a weapon on an opponent not equal to the attack, and never attack from behind (Marshall, 2002). By maintaining these principles a knight showed respect to themselves, their king and their country. The next commandment reads, â€Å"thou shall make war against the Infidel without sensation and without mercy,† which relates to the seventh commandment â€Å"thou snail perform scrupulously tiny Teal outlets, IT teen De not contrary to ten laws AT God† (Marshall, 2002). Certain tasks categorized under these two commandments were thought of as chivalrous. One such task stated that knights were to destroy evil in all of its atrocious forms. Knights were required to fight for the ideals of their king, country and chivalry, which meant annihilating all those that attempted to steal land or rob people within the kingdom’s borders in which a knight resided. Protection of one’s country by destroying the enemy remained a priority for knights, as long as they did not betray any teachings of the church. Knights also abided by the code, â€Å"thou shall never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word† (Marshall, 2002). It was thought gallant to live a life complete with respect and honor. Knights should not take for granted their freedom or their livelihood, and they must remain thankful for the opportunities provided to them. Of course, if knights kept their word of honor, they must avoid lying or cheating their fellow man. Living an existence abundant of deception would defy the principals hose chivalrous men were to uphold. Just as it was thought unethical to deceive their fellow man, it was also thought improper to desert a friend or ally in need. Likewise, knights were not to relinquish a noble cause, whether it presented itself in the form of a battle, defending one’s church, or protecting one’s country (Marshall, 2002). By living a truthful, honest existence, knights became role models of suitable gentlemen, which have contributed to our current view of the word chivalry today. Additionally, the code of chivalry demands, â€Å"thou shall be generous, and give largesse to everyone† (Marshall, 2002). Sir Thomas Malory provides a glimpse into such charitable actions as he recounts a scene between King Arthur and Sir Lancelot in his legend El Mortem d’art. After Arthur learns of Lancelot and Gunrunner’s affair, he wages war against Lancet’s kingdom, only to find himself at the mercy of Lancelot and his kinsman, Sir Boors’ sword Not so hardy, said Sir Lancelot, upon pain of thy head, that thou touch him no more, for I will never see that most noble king that made me knight neither slain en shamed. And therewith Sir Lancelot alighted off his horse and took up the king ND horsed him again, and said thus: My lord Arthur, for God’s love stint this strife, for ye get here no worship, and I would do mine utterance, but always I forbear you, and ye nor none of yours forbear me; my lord, remember what I have done in many places, and now I am evil rewarded (Taylor, 2010, Para. L). Lancelot spares Urethra’s life, remembering when Arthur once placed his faith in Lancelot by making him his knight. Despite the quarrel between the former friends over Guinevere, they still respect one another. In this instance Lancet’s generosity outweighs his desire to defeat Arthur. Such demonstrations of largesse, whether legend or not, reveal the true meaning behind this commandment. The final commandment documented in the Code of Chivalry states, â€Å"thou shall be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice an Eve â€Å"(Marshall,2 I Nils last commandment Disloyally encapsulates ten tore mentioned orders, reminding knights to live for all that is virtuous and to reinforce the need to respect the authority of country, church and king. Knights were to avoid certain practices such as torture and deceit; they were to remain loyal to their friends ND those who placed their trust in them. Furthermore, the concept of respecting women was considered a significant courtesy, though not directly mentioned in the Ten Commandments of Chivalry. Men were to exhibit manners at all times, and they must be polite and attentive to women. Additionally, gentlemen showed respect to whoever should be their host. Andrea Aquaplanes, a 12th century author, wrote De Amour, known today in English as The Art of Courtly Love. In his work, he addresses the â€Å"twelve chief rules of love,† and elaborates on thirty-one aspect of â€Å"the art of courtly love. Rules that men must abide by consisted of topics such as chastity: â€Å"Thou shall keep thyself chaste for the sake of her whom thou loves† (Marshall, 2002). Within these numerous rules, one can see what was thought of as proper in a relationship and the graciousness that was displayed toward women (Marshall, 2002). Concepts such as this reveal the origins of present day views on chivalry or in some opinions, the lack of chivalry. Overall, I feel the principles that contribute to the idea of chivalry, whether or not construed by legend, are important ones. The codes that knights abided by revealed number of characteristics: faith, loyalty, strength, honesty, generosity and courtesy. I believe living an existence according to these principles, or even attempting to attain such standards, makes a person a superior, well-rounded individual. Incorporating such characteristics into one’s everyday life allows a person to be more virtuous, and these values reinforce one’s relationship with the church, country and allies. The romanticism of chivalry has survived to present day, though the code is not held to standards nearly as high as in the past with the majority of the ideas falling to the wayside. I believe a rejuvenation of several of these notions could benefit factions of society and reinstate principles that should be essential for all mankind. How to cite The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices, Papers

The European Chivalry the Ideals and Practices Free Essays

The Ideals and Practices Andrew Daniels Strayed University Abstract This paper focuses on the ideals and practices of chivalry, specifically in the Middle Ages. During this time, a list of Ten Commandments pertaining to chivalry existed. Knights were expected to uphold a certain code that impacted their country, church, king, and fellow man. We will write a custom essay sample on The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will elaborate on those individual commandments and explore what each mandate meant for a knight, and it will show how those obligations affected various aspects of their lives. Also, the paper will touch on heavily In relation to a knight’s demeanor toward a woman, and the rules that were to be followed when engaging in courtly love. Lastly, one will see how some of these ideas have carried into modern day, though they have been altered throughout time. Picture King Arthur, a knight In shining armor, waging war against his former knight Lancelot to prove his love for Guinevere. Most people envision such scenes when they hear the word â€Å"chivalry. While dragon-slaying knights and tales of rescuing damsels in distress have contributed to our notion of chivalry, many more unifying aspects make up what it means to be chivalrous. I will be delving into the true meaning behind the principles and what it means to be a knight devoted to the ideals of chivalry. Knights first evolved in the eighth century under the direction of the French ruler Charlemagne; It was from this time that the Idea of chivalry arose. Though the code of chivalry was never formall y written, it was understood by all as a way of culture and moral conduct. During the Middle Ages, knights upheld the ideals and practices delineated in The Code of Chivalry. These values ranged from dedication to the church, to defending the weak and defending your country, and loading yourself to a higher standard by being faithful to your word and respecting others. The unspoken Ten Commandments revealed the duties a knight was to defend. This paper will further expand upon the customs of knights and their chivalric ways. One of the major components of chivalry dealt with protecting the church. The first commandment stated, â€Å"thou shall believe all that the church teaches, and shall observe all its directions† (Marshall, 2002). The second commandment simply stated, â€Å"thou shall defend the Church† (Marshall, 2002). In the Middle Ages Christianity in ten Tort AT cottontails was ten only practice religion. I en snuck played a Olsten and dominate role in the majority of people’s lives, not only medieval knights. Beginning as free peasants, knights often pillaged churches. Due to such violence, Rome declared knights the protectors of churches starting in the tenth century and threatening sanctions against any who ransacked churches. Later, in the 1 lath century, the Truce of God asserted that knights should not make war on all holy days, all saints days or Thursday through Sunday. Abiding to these rules meant that knights exhibited their chivalric duty by observing the churches directions. Not only did the knights protect the church, but the church protected the knights’ estate if he embarked on a Crusade to Jerusalem, the supposed burial sight of Jesus. During his time away, the knight was also exempt from paying taxes to the church (Warrior Challenge, 2003). While knights were required to defend the church, they were also expected to defend the weak, according to the Code of Chivalry (Marshall, 2002). Knights were expected to protect the weak and innocent. Given a plot of land for their services, rather than monetary compensation, knights were required to oversee the land in order to keep agricultural procedures running smoothly and to ensure the well-being over their serfs. Another knightly duty was to avenge the wronged. This was possible with extensive training from the age of seven to twenty one. In this fourteen year span, knights learned everything from hunting and falconry to wielding a battle and vaulting on a horse in heavy armor (Martin, 1991). With a repertoire of experiences such as these, knights were surely qualified to shield anyone weaker than them. Moreover, knights â€Å"shall love the country in which thou waist born† (Marshall, 2002). Knights upheld this chivalric code by living to serve their king and country. In the eighth century when Charlemagne ruled over his vast empire he enacted many longstanding ideas both in religion and education. During this period he and his vassals were involved in protecting their borders; without such a charismatic leader knights may not have been so obliged to serve and defend their king and country. In order to exhibit love for his country, the knight was sure to obey the king, country, and Code of Chivalry. The fifth commandment found in the code of chivalry, â€Å"thou shall not recoil before thing enemy’ (Marshall, 2002). In a time when battles were common, knights were expected to fight with honor and die with valor. These traits would have been taught to these men when they were squires training to be knights. However, knights also established principles of what not to do in battle. It was thought chivalrous to never attack an unarmed foe, never use a weapon on an opponent not equal to the attack, and never attack from behind (Marshall, 2002). By maintaining these principles a knight showed respect to themselves, their king and their country. The next commandment reads, â€Å"thou shall make war against the Infidel without sensation and without mercy,† which relates to the seventh commandment â€Å"thou snail perform scrupulously tiny Teal outlets, IT teen De not contrary to ten laws AT God† (Marshall, 2002). Certain tasks categorized under these two commandments were thought of as chivalrous. One such task stated that knights were to destroy evil in all of its atrocious forms. Knights were required to fight for the ideals of their king, country and chivalry, which meant annihilating all those that attempted to steal land or rob people within the kingdom’s borders in which a knight resided. Protection of one’s country by destroying the enemy remained a priority for knights, as long as they did not betray any teachings of the church. Knights also abided by the code, â€Å"thou shall never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word† (Marshall, 2002). It was thought gallant to live a life complete with respect and honor. Knights should not take for granted their freedom or their livelihood, and they must remain thankful for the opportunities provided to them. Of course, if knights kept their word of honor, they must avoid lying or cheating their fellow man. Living an existence abundant of deception would defy the principals hose chivalrous men were to uphold. Just as it was thought unethical to deceive their fellow man, it was also thought improper to desert a friend or ally in need. Likewise, knights were not to relinquish a noble cause, whether it presented itself in the form of a battle, defending one’s church, or protecting one’s country (Marshall, 2002). By living a truthful, honest existence, knights became role models of suitable gentlemen, which have contributed to our current view of the word chivalry today. Additionally, the code of chivalry demands, â€Å"thou shall be generous, and give largesse to everyone† (Marshall, 2002). Sir Thomas Malory provides a glimpse into such charitable actions as he recounts a scene between King Arthur and Sir Lancelot in his legend El Mortem d’art. After Arthur learns of Lancelot and Gunrunner’s affair, he wages war against Lancet’s kingdom, only to find himself at the mercy of Lancelot and his kinsman, Sir Boors’ sword Not so hardy, said Sir Lancelot, upon pain of thy head, that thou touch him no more, for I will never see that most noble king that made me knight neither slain en shamed. And therewith Sir Lancelot alighted off his horse and took up the king ND horsed him again, and said thus: My lord Arthur, for God’s love stint this strife, for ye get here no worship, and I would do mine utterance, but always I forbear you, and ye nor none of yours forbear me; my lord, remember what I have done in many places, and now I am evil rewarded (Taylor, 2010, Para. L). Lancelot spares Urethra’s life, remembering when Arthur once placed his faith in Lancelot by making him his knight. Despite the quarrel between the former friends over Guinevere, they still respect one another. In this instance Lancet’s generosity outweighs his desire to defeat Arthur. Such demonstrations of largesse, whether legend or not, reveal the true meaning behind this commandment. The final commandment documented in the Code of Chivalry states, â€Å"thou shall be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice an Eve â€Å"(Marshall,2 I Nils last commandment Disloyally encapsulates ten tore mentioned orders, reminding knights to live for all that is virtuous and to reinforce the need to respect the authority of country, church and king. Knights were to avoid certain practices such as torture and deceit; they were to remain loyal to their friends ND those who placed their trust in them. Furthermore, the concept of respecting women was considered a significant courtesy, though not directly mentioned in the Ten Commandments of Chivalry. Men were to exhibit manners at all times, and they must be polite and attentive to women. Additionally, gentlemen showed respect to whoever should be their host. Andrea Aquaplanes, a 12th century author, wrote De Amour, known today in English as The Art of Courtly Love. In his work, he addresses the â€Å"twelve chief rules of love,† and elaborates on thirty-one aspect of â€Å"the art of courtly love. Rules that men must abide by consisted of topics such as chastity: â€Å"Thou shall keep thyself chaste for the sake of her whom thou loves† (Marshall, 2002). Within these numerous rules, one can see what was thought of as proper in a relationship and the graciousness that was displayed toward women (Marshall, 2002). Concepts such as this reveal the origins of present day views on chivalry or in some opinions, the lack of chivalry. Overall, I feel the principles that contribute to the idea of chivalry, whether or not construed by legend, are important ones. The codes that knights abided by revealed number of characteristics: faith, loyalty, strength, honesty, generosity and courtesy. I believe living an existence according to these principles, or even attempting to attain such standards, makes a person a superior, well-rounded individual. Incorporating such characteristics into one’s everyday life allows a person to be more virtuous, and these values reinforce one’s relationship with the church, country and allies. The romanticism of chivalry has survived to present day, though the code is not held to standards nearly as high as in the past with the majority of the ideas falling to the wayside. I believe a rejuvenation of several of these notions could benefit factions of society and reinstate principles that should be essential for all mankind. How to cite The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices, Papers

Levi Strauss Ethical Statement - Free Solution

Question: Discuss the ethics statement of Levi Strauss. Answer: The ethics statement of Levi Strauss Company is: Our ethical principles are the values that set the ground rules for all that we do as employees of Levi Strauss Co. As we seek to achieve responsible commercial success, we will be challenged to balance these principles against each other, always mindful of our promise to shareholders that we will achieve responsible commercial success. This ethical statement is well written as it talks about the responsible commercial success. I liked the way Levi Strauss has used this phrase. It is important that organizations should not just focus on profitability and success but they should focus on the success in a responsible manner. In the current business environment, the concept of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is an important concept and it is important that the organizations must use CSR to achieve sustainable development (Doh, 2012). I liked the way Levi Strauss has touch base the area of CSR and sustainable development. It is actually good that the company has not used these keywords but they have conveyed the message. With the focus on sustainable development, the organizations can actually establish a good rapport with employees, customers and other stakeholders (Doorey, 2011). It is also correct that the focus on ethical values and principles is also an important aspect of sustainable development and the orga nizations should not overlook this aspect. There is not much that I did not like in this ethics statement. However, the ethics statement states of the companys promise to shareholders to achieve responsible commercial success. One of the meaning of this statement could be that Levi Strauss is willing to take any steps to meet the promise to shareholders. I slightly disagree with this as I believe that organizations have flexible strategies and policies. In the current business environment, organizations should be willing to make the changes with the change in the industry or the competitive landscape. I believe that the companies must not compromise on their ethical standards and principles. Therefore, if a choice has to be made between shareholders value and ethical practices then the company should choose ethical values. It is also important that the organization must also inculcate these ethical values in the minds of stakeholders (Brenkert, 2010). The stakeholders of the company should be have a non-compromising attitude towards ethical and moral values. References Brenkert, G. G. (2010). The limits and prospects of business ethics.Business Ethics Quarterly,20(04), 703-709. Doorey, D. J. (2011). The transparent supply chain: From resistance to implementation at Nike and Levi-Strauss.Journal of Business Ethics,103(4), 587-603. Pearce, J. A., Doh, J. P. (2012). The high impact of collaborative social initiatives.Sloan Management Review,46(2).

Taxation Fundamentals BAF-5-TAF

Question: Describe about the Report on Taxation Fundamentals BAF-5-TAF? Answer: Scenario 1 Taxable Income and Income Tax of Susan Phillips Particulars Amount () Salary 95,060.10 Taxable Benefits Car's Taxable Value 6,725.00 Fuel's Taxable Value 5,944.90 12,669.90 Accommodation Annual Value or rateable value whichever is higher 9,600.00 Expensive Flat 3,780.00 Ancillary Services: Furniture: 35,000 * 20/100 * 11/12 6,416.70 Computer: 5,000 * 20/100 * 9/12 750.00 20,546.70 Gross Salary 128,276.70 Calculation of Tax: Particulars Non-savings Savings Dividends Tax already deducted Total () Salary 128,277.00 128,276.70 BSI 8,017.00 1,604.00 8,017.00 Dividend 14,252.00 1,425.20 14,252.00 Total 128,277.00 8,017.00 14,252.00 3,029.20 150,546.00 - P.A 0 0 0 0 - 128,277.00 8,225.00 14,252.00 3,029.20 150,546.00 Tax Computation Tax at Basic rate 34,991 x 20% = 6998.00 34,991 Tax at Higher rate 93286 x 40% = 37,314.00 BSI 8,017 x 40% = 3,206.8 136294 Tax as per calculation Dividend 14252 x 32.5% = 4631.9 150546 Tax as per Calculation 52,150.7 Tax paid (3,029.20) Tax liability = 49121 Basic rate band is extending to 34,991 by addition of 3,206 to low rate band of 31,785. So Basic rate band = 31,785 + 3,206 = 34,991 Higher rate band = 153,206 Notes: 1. Details of Car Car Porsche Macan S Diesel List Price - 45,942 inclusive of VAT CO2 Emission 159 g/Km Technical Specs of the Car Power 190 KW at 4,000 4,250 Acceleration 6.3 secs from 0 100 km /h Height 1,624 mm Wheelbase 2,807 mm Length 4,697 mm Engine 3.0 L V6 Standard Specification Side blades, Dual-tube twin pipes, thermally tinted insulated glasses, electric seat adjustment, Multi functional sports steering wheels, gearshift paddles, Automatic rear hatch, Macan wheel of 18 inch, Sport button. Cars Taxable value Calculate it on the list price, to the extent provided by the employer. Susans employer gives 25,000 for the car. Hence, the given value is taken for calculation. Formula = List price/Amount given by employer * Applicable percentage Applicable percentage: For CO2emission up to 100g/km 15% Above 100 g/km to Actual CO2 emission/5 = (159 g/km 100 g/km) / 5 = 59/5 = 11.9% Total to a maximum of 37% = 26.9% Taxable value of car = 25,000 * 26.9/100 = 6,725 2. Personal Allowance It is allowed for gross salary below 121,200 on average. As, the gross salary is 128,276.70, no personal allowance allowed. 3. Taxable value of Fuel = Take 22,100 as the amount of fuel irrespective of how much the employer is giving and how much is used for personal or business purpose. Value = 22,100 * Applicable percentage = 22,100 * 26.9/100 = 5,944.9 4. Salary is as per DOB of 01.06.95 which is then divided by 10. 950601/10 = 95060.1 5. Accommodation It is taxable on the basis of higher of the rateable or annual value of the accommodation. The annual value is not given. Rateable value is 9,600. Hence, the taxable value is 9,600. 6. The other taxable value on Accommodation is calculated when the total cost price of it is more than 75,000 at the rate of 2%. The expensive value is 3,780. 7. The additional service in the accommodation is taxable. Furniture is an additional benefit. The asset given by the employer is taxed at 20% flat rate on the assets value. Taxable value of Furniture 35,000 * 20/100 * 11/12 = 6416.70 Taxable value of Computer 5,000 * 20/100 * 9/12 = 750 8. Other Incomes: a. Building Society Interest Net amount = 5% of Gross Salary. Interest on building society = 5/100 * 128,277 = 6,413.85 Gross Interest on Building Society = 6,413.85 * 100/80 = 8,017 Grossed up is @ 80% b. Dividend Net amount = 10% of Gross Salary Dividend = 10/100 * 128,277 = 12,827 Gross of dividend = 12,827 * 100/90 = 14,252 Grossed up is at 90% c. Charitable donation 2% of Gross Salary Charitable Donations: 2/100 * 128,277 = 2,565 Grossed Charitable donation = 2,565 * 100/80 = 3,206 Grossing up is at 80% 9. Taxation rate for year 2015/2016 is: 0 - 31,785 20% 31,786 - 150,000 40% Over 150,000 45%. Adjust these rates as per charitable donation made. 10. Building society interest attracts higher rate as the gross income with its inclusion exceeds the basic rate band. 11. Divided attracts higher rate band as the gross income with its inclusion after inclusion of BSI exceeds the basic rate band. 12. The Tax liability is to the nearest zero. National Insurance contribution This is a contribution towards state pension deducted by the employer. Calculation of NIC: Calculation of NIC: Band NIC 0 - 672 0% 0 673 - 3,532 12% 343.20 Over 3,532 2% 87.79 Total monthly NIC 430.99 Total Annual NIC = Monthly NIC * 12 5,171.88 Salary on month basis: 95060/12 = 7921.67 Scenario 2 Car is Porsche Macan S Diesel with List price of 45,942. CO2 emission is 159 g/km The calculation of taxable car value depends on the list price. However, the employer is just providing 25,000 amount of car. Therefore the additional benefit amount is taken as 25,000. The formula for taxable value of car is: List price of the car or the amount of benefit provided by the employer * Applicable percentage. Applicable percentage as calculated above is 26.9%. It is limited to the percentage of 37% if the applicable percentage exceeds it. As per the formula the taxable amount of car is 6,725. Fuel is provided for unlimited amount. The amount of fuel for taxable value purpose is 22,100. It doesnt matter how much amount of fuel is provided and how much is used or not used for business purpose. The value calculated for taxable purpose is 5,944.90. Accommodation To calculate the taxable value, the rateable value and the annual value of the accommodation should be known. Here, the annual value is not given. Therefore, the rateable value of 9,600 is taken. Where ancillary costs like water expenses, council rates, etc. are also paid by the employer, is added to taxable value of the accommodation. Expensive value of accommodation Another additional taxable value of accommodation is taken for tax purpose, where the value of the property is more than 75,000. Such excess amount will attract 3% rate on it. It is calculated as 3,780. Furnished Accommodation Where the accommodation provided by the employer is furnished, then additional benefits taxable amount is also calculated. Computers, clothes, furniture, etc are additional types of benefits. They are taxable at flat rate of 20%. The value of furniture as additional benefit at 20% rate for 11 months period is 6,416.70. The furniture is availed from 6 May 2015 and tax period is till 6 April 2016. Computer is also an additional benefit. The taxable value for it will also be computed at 20% rate for 9 months. The computer is used from 6 July 2015. Taxable value is 750. Salary Employee has to pay tax on the salary provided by the employer. It includes all additional benefits. Amount of 95,060 is taxable under the head salary. Few additional benefits like parking space at office, one mobile phone, etc is not taxable. Personal Allowance The amount of 10,600 can be claimed by the taxpayer. However, where the salary amount exceeds the amount of 100,000, the personal allowance reduces at every 2% increase of salary to every 1$ decrease in the allowance. Because of the charitable donation made for amount of 3,206, the taxpayer is allowed to increase the basic and the other rate bands by such amount. Therefore, for tax purpose, the basic rate band after including 3,206 is 34,991 and the higher tax rate band after including 3,206 is 153,206. Building society interest The tax is charged at such interest at 20%. Therefore grossing up is done at 80%. It is taxed after salary. It is taxable at basic rate band. However, if the taxpayer is a higher tax payer, then his rate band of 40% is charged on it. The taxable amount is 8,017. Dividend The tax is charged at such dividend at 10%. Therefore, grossing up is done at 90%. It is taxed after Building society interest. When the taxpayer is a higher tax payer, then the higher rate of 32.5% is charged on dividend. The taxable amount is 14,252.22 National Insurance Contribution It is deducted by employer for state pension scheme till the age of state pension age. The employees contributing for NIC comes under class 1. The rates for contribution are as follows: 0 - 652 No contribution 652 - 3,532 12% Over 3,532 2% It is calculated on the salary amount only. No additional benefits are considered for NIC. The contribution in NIC is 5,171.88 Scenario 4 Basis of Assessment Accrual system is followed in United Kingdom to assess the Income in a particular taxation period. Deduction is allowed to be subtracted from the income earned from various properties. It depends on what type of property is dealt with, as there are different rules for different properties. Allowable expenses They are related to the property. It should be noted that such expenses can be claimed by a landlord only. It means that the property must be a rental property. The expenses which are allowed as deduction are: Water rates, electricity expenses, council taxes, gas expenses. Insurance on property Fees of accountant Mortgage interest on property taken for buying such property Cost of services like wages of those who are taking care of the property such as gardener, etc. Agents fees Legal fees related to renewal of the lease which is less than 50 years, or for lets of the year. Repair and the maintenance of the property. Expenses related to phone calls or telephone bills, stationary Expenses on advertisement made for renting to new tenants. Foreign taxes paid on EEA FHL Loss It incurs in case where the allowed expenses exceed the income received from the property. The amount of loss from one property is to be adjusted with income from different property, if any. Loss from EEA FHL property is adjusted with EEA FHL income only. In case, where the loss still sand out even after adjustment, then it is to be carried forward to the next tax year. Where, loss is carried forward from past years, and then it is to be adjusted with current tax There are different types of properties for which different rules are followed. They are: Furnished property letting Foreign property letting Own property letting Letting of property while living abroad Capital Expenditure Such expenses are incurred from the purpose of long term prospective. Example is renovation to the property, up grading it, etc. They are not of revenue nature which incurs at every shot period of time. A record is to be kept for the same. They are not allowed generally as deduction from the income of the property. However a furnished property can claim deduction on capital expenditure. Such expense is related to the use of furnishing in the property which obviously gets tear and wear. Due to this 10% of the net rent is deducted from the net rent under wear and tear allowance. White goods are also covered in it like crockery, etc. Difference between expenses claimed or allowed in a furnished letting and an un-furnished letting. Un-furnished letting All expenses of revenue nature can be claimed. No capital expenditure allowed. Furnished Letting Under this also revenue expenses is claimed and additionally under wear and tear allowance, 10% of the net rent is claimed for furnishing which is capital expense. Different Rules for Different properties. Own property letting It is the letting where the property of the owner (where the owner is living) is let out for tenancy. The rental income derived from such property is taxable after it exceeds the limit of 4,250 which is a tax-free amount. The limit is compared after allowing the claimed expenses from the income of the property. Furnished lettings It is the letting where the property of the owner which is not used for living by him is rented out. It is completely furnished. It should be noted that in order to be a furnished house letting, it must be located in EEA (European Economic Area) or in United Kingdom. To qualify as a furnished letting three conditions are to be qualified. Condition of availability - The furnished property is to be available for letting for at least 210 days in the taxation year. Occupation condition Where there are many properties, the letting should which exceeds 31 days continuously should not exceed 155 days period in the taxation year. Letting condition The property is to be occupied or let out to public for at least a period of 105 days minus the living days by the relatives, or friends. In short he 105 days should be commercially let out. There can be a case where the property is not let out for given no. of days, but there are many furnished let out properties. In such case, average occupancy can be applied by summing up the total occupancy days from all properties divided by number of properties. It should exceed the given number of days. There can be another case, where the furnished property is let out for 105 days in some years, and in some years it is not. There the period of grace election can be applied. For this it is treated as furnished letting as long as the occupation condition and the condition of availability are met. The loss of Furnished letting in UK can be set off with the property in the same location and in the same way loss of EEA furnished letting can be set off with the property in the same location. Income from furnished letting which is taxable is computed by as: Income from the furnished property XXX Less: Allowable expenses of revenue nature (YYY) Net RentZZZ Less: Capital expenditure allowed at 10% of net rent (ZZ.Z) Net taxable Income DDD Leased Property The taxable income of such property is calculated as follows: Lease premium amount30,000 Less: Premium * 2% * (Term period 1) : 30,000 * 2/100 * (20-1) 11,400 Taxable Amount of leased property 18,600 References Anon, 2015, Rent a room in your own home, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/rent-room-in-your-home/the-rent-a-room-scheme Anon, 2015, FHL, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/furnished-holiday-lettings-hs253-self-assessment-helpsheet/hs253-furnished-holiday-lettings-2015 Anon, n.d, Macan S Diesel Engine, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/porsche/10462521/Porsche-Macan-SUV-unveiled.html Anon, 2015, Income tax when you rent out a property: working out rental income, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/income-tax-when-you-rent-out-a-property-working-out-your-rental-income Anon, 2015, how the lease premium is charged, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/pimmanual/pim1205.html Anon, n.d, Macan S Diesel, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.porsche.com/uk/models/macan/macan-s-diesel/ Anon, 2014, Expenses and benefits, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/409158/480_2015.pdf Anon. n.d, Allowable expenses and Allowances, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.which.co.uk/money/tax/guides/tax-on-property-and-rental-income/allowable-expenses-and-allowances/ Anon, 2015, UK Property notes, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/420043/SA105-Notes-2015.pdf Anon, 2013, Tax on employer provided assets and computers, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.contractorcalculator.co.uk/tax_on_assets_from_employer.aspx Anon, n.d, Tax on dividends, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/tax-on-dividends/how-dividends-are-taxed Anon, 2015, how NIC is calculated, accessed on 10th March 2016, Available at: https://www.contractorcalculator.co.uk/hows_national_insurance_contributions_calculated.aspx

An Online Guide to Choosing a Writing Service

An Online Guide to Choosing a Writing ServiceThe U.K. essay sample is an excellent way to study English writing as it presents a wide range of examples. In particular, it makes it possible to include diverse examples within a single essay. Also, the use of an online service is particularly suitable for those who are studying English as a second language as well as for those who want to prepare for university essays and then give them as a service to those people who need them.Before starting your quest for the perfect essay, it is a good idea to first understand the general nature of the subject you will be writing about. This is because it will guide you to choose the appropriate subject matter. For example, it will help you determine which essay topics to include and which to avoid, and which issues you should consider.The U.K. essay sample can be used as a resource for those who want to learn more about English literature. These include poetry, plays, fiction, history, geography, art, music, law, novels, short stories, essays, etc. Some of these themes are so general that students might be tempted to use them in all their essays, but in general they are only used in specific areas.If you have an objective in mind, you can choose the topic you wish to write about within the essay outline. Once this is done, you should draw up a list of questions for yourself to ask yourself. These may include questions such as: what do I feel the author was trying to communicate?Do I agree with the message being expressed? What was the author trying to say? How do I fit the message into my topic?You should also consider how the article will read. Is it interesting or does it seem to be too dry? If you can avoid overdone grammar andwordiness, you will increase your chances of being able to present a polished piece.The U.K. essay sample is available from several websites, and so you have many choices in selecting the one to use. It is always a good idea to compare and contrast the qualities of each one before choosing one to use. Also, you should keep in mind that there are hundreds of different samples on the internet, so it is important to make use of the services of some reputable writers.

Women at Work Essay Example For Students

Women at Work Essay One of the most significant sociological changes in the nations history began in the last decade of the nineteenth century and the ramifications are still being felt today. This change consisted of the large numbers of women who entered the work force. This dramatic change in American society was accompanied by a great deal of controversy and prejudice directed towards women. It was predicted that female employment would bring about the downfall of society and the change of the American family. While a large portion of the public was appalled by the thought of independent young working women, they were also fascinated. Therefore, the attitudes of the public toward these women can be seen in the literature that was produced at that time. The works of Edith Wharton and Theodore Dreiser immediately come to mind as dramatizations of the life of women of this period. We will write a custom essay on Women at Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Slowly, attitudes began to change. The employment opportunities for women enlarged and women began to slowly gain their rights as full citizens, finally receiving the right to vote in 1920. The attitudes of the women in the work force also changed as time progressed. At first, they struggled for even the opportunity to work. As the century progressed, they became more active in union activities and, as newspapers from the period demonstrate, they fought to achieve better working conditions and better wages. By 1900, many poor and working-class young women, mostly of Northern white extraction, were leaving the confines and moral structures of their families and elders and venturing forth to the large industrial cities such as New York (Lunbeck 781). There they became enthusiastic participants of the new pleasures that were offered to consumers in the brand-new century. Essentially, these young women added a stage to the female life cycle that had not previously existed nadolescence (Lunbeck 781). In the 1890s, female factory workers were seen as a serious economic and social threat. Because women generally worked at the bottom of the pay scale, the theory was that they depressed the overall pay scale for all workers (Kessler-Harris 98). Many solutions were suggested at this time that all revolved around the idea of these women getting marriedothe idea being that a married woman would not work for wages. Although this idea seems ludicrous from a modern perspective, it should be noted that the idea persisted well into the twentieth century (Kessler-Harris 99). Even at the time, however, there were female voices that argued against the prevailing prejudices, thus showing that the attitudes of the women, themselves, were changing. Nevertheless, the prejudice against female workers essentially allowed their employers at the various factories to blame the women themselves for their low wages. The standard argument was that these women did not need to work. Part of this concept was that these women were supported by fathers, brothers, etc. and only wanted the jobs so they would have money for nice clothes and extras. Despite numerous government statistics that demonstrated financial need by many female workers, the prevailing attitude was that women brought their low earnings on themselves (Kessler-Harris 100). This, of course, totally ignored the government statistics that pertained to immigrant families and minorities, where family finances were the prime motivating factor towards women joining the work force (Kessler-Harris 123). Additionally, the census figures that showed immigrant wives as not working failed to take into consideration that these women were usually employed as their husbands assistants (Anonymous 25; Kessler-Harris 124). Those knowledgeable about working conditions within New Yorks factories found the facts to be far different from this scenario. While some women lived at home, many did not. At a weekly wage of eight to ten dollars per week, these women generally paid five to six of that for their rooms (Barnum 7). Women who made less then eight dollars per week had to find a place that rented for less and she generally made up the difference by working for her board. .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .postImageUrl , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:hover , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:visited , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:active { border:0!important; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:active , .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78 .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u381e09a07637de4901cf7902a9829a78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse Essay This meant that many women rose at 5 a.m. and did domestic chores for their board, then put in their workday, and then returned for home for more domestic work (Barnum 7). A male, who generally made anywhere from 15% to

Essay on Internet Governance

Essay on Internet Governance Essay on Internet Governance define internet gov. why is IG important? rival visons and CONTROVERSY In an age of globalisation...Internet is rapidly growing so now more then ever there is a higher demand for information. Ig plays a huge role in ensuring that the internet is fuctional, but one question would be who should manage the essential backbone and architeture of the internet in particular the dns, particularly gtld and the allocation of the ip address this are all fundamental needs if the internet is to function effectively this is done by ICANN the ig IS comIng under increasing coceptual, political, and technological pressure from growth of the internet in other to reduce conflict the UN has decided to have meeting and conferences bringing in delegates round a table to talk and some of the rival visions which have imerged from these meetings are power the technicalites of internet governance provokes a wider concerns over political, cultural and ramifications, concerns that are reflected in the debates ov weather the internet should be governed through genuly internat ional structures with distinct legal personality under international law or weather the leagal roots should remain embeded in the fertile soil from where it was first cultivated in the domestic jurisdiction of the USA most people Everybody already agrees that governments are sovereign within their own territories but Who exactly benefits (and who is harmed) when national governments harmonize their national laws concerning the Internet if the power where to shift to the goverment so this could be controversal as many of these countries are engaged in â€Å"monitoring, filtering, censoring and criminalising free speech online.† It seems that the most reasonable hypothesis is that countries like Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, China, United Arab Emirates, Russian Federation, Iraq, and Sudan would benefit from a â€Å"national Internet